The purpose and effect of quartz sand

Quartz sand is an important industrial mineral raw materials, widely used in glass, foundry, ceramics and refractories, metallurgy, construction, chemicals, plastics, rubber, abrasive and other industries.
Applications \ Application:
Glass:
Flat glass, float glass, glass (glass jars, bottles, glass, etc.), optical glass, glass fiber, glass instrument, conductive glass, glass cloth, and radiation-shielding the main raw material of special glass.
Ceramics and refractories:
Blank porcelain and glazes, kilns with a high silica, silica and silicon carbide and other common materials.
Metallurgy:
Silicon metal, ferrosilicon and silicon aluminum and other raw materials or additives, flux.
Construction:
Concrete, cementitious material, road building materials, artificial marble, cement physical performance test material (ie cement standard sand) and so on.
Chemicals:
Silicon compound and water glass and other raw materials, sulfuric acid tower fillers, amorphous silica powder.
Machinery:
The main raw material foundry sand, abrasive material (sand, hard abrasive paper, sandpaper, emery cloth, etc.).
Electronics:
High purity silicon metal, communication with optical fiber.
Rubber & Plastics:
Filler (can improve the wear resistance).
Coatings:
Fillers (which can improve the coating weatherability).
Quartz crystal is actually referred to, as may be used as a mineral crystal, are made of quartz Cutting outputs; identification of other components are the same characteristics, except that the crystal is used as a material gem; the silica after staining, Most only as a kind of imitation jade.

Carbon-containing refractories will give way to non-oxide composite materials

Based on the high temperature refractory materials industry, is the guarantee of high technology. Since more than 70% of the refractory services to the metallurgical industry, so most people from metallurgical science and technology development to see its role in promoting the formation of modern refractories.Large-scale blast furnace and high-pressure, high-temperature technology, requires refractory should have high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, erosion and good thermal shock resistance, requiring the service life of 15 years, or even more than 20 years, so we had a silicon nitride bonded silicon carbide, sialon bonded SiC and Sialon bonded corundum refractories and other non-oxide composite oxide, until the emergence of metals, non-oxide and oxide composite refractories. Modern steel-making industry, especially the birth of clean steel smelting technology, requiring carbon content must be reduced to very low levels, forcing the leading independent steelmaking refractories coquettish decades of carbon refractories give other new non-oxide oxide composite refractories. Because these materials can not be compared with an oxide system performance. Their continuity is high temperature resistance, slag and iron corrosion, abrasion resistance, thermal shock, etc., which, precisely as the quality required of high-temperature refractory thermal shock properties. High technological level of our industry and the level of technology in recent years, the rapid development of both iron and steel, nonferrous metals, cement, glass, ceramics progress to world attention, steel production has exceeded the United States and Japan's and, refractories production also ranked first in the world, refractories research center is to transfer to China, we should assume this responsibility, in accordance with the high-quality, non-polluting, low consumption, low cost to establish the principle of non-oxide with Chinese characteristics (metal) and oxide composite refractory material as the center of modern architecture.Refractory nitride materials in accordance with the progress of high-quality, non-polluting, low consumption, low-cost principle, China has in natural minerals (carbonaceous clay, bauxite, etc.) transition and bulk industrial waste (gangue, nitrogen, etc.) regeneration the use of a lot of work done. For example the use of carbonaceous clay and coal gangue as precursor material, wherein the carbonaceous play (C) role, using the carbothermal reduction and nitridation method to prepare a cheap b-Sialon; exploit bauxite and magnesite synthetic magnesium Aron (Mg AlON); even a simple way will be made gangue mullite (3Al2O3 · 2SiO2) and so on. It is particularly worth mentioning is that the use of discarded oxygen, nitrogen, using flash combustion pressure rapid synthesis of silicon nitride prepared cheap (Si3N4), it costs only a common process (including self-propagating process) of a few tenths one, making valuable materials previously considered to be in the refractory industry applications, manufactures have been exported to America, Japan, Korea and other countries. These results not only greatly improve the resource-priced and environmentally friendly creative process, but also that with Chinese characteristics in non-oxide material system has been gradually established, we have for non-oxide and oxide composite refractory systems provide adequate and inexpensive of raw materials, modern refractories laid the basis for development in our country.Non-oxide composite materials, the development of new non-oxide refractory composites representative nothing more than the Si-based and Al-based nitride or carbide, as the two largest element in the earth's crust, and easy to nitride, carbide. When they are used as refractory applications, people were surprised to find that they have advanced refractory should have excellent quality, so quickly from Si3N4-SiC, SiC-SiC, b-Sialon-SiC grown to b-Sia lon-Al2O3 and b -Sialon-Al2O3-SiC and AlN, AlON, MgAlON other systems.1 corundum - SiC composite material progress. Sialon is a silicon (Si) aluminum (Al) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N) compounds referred to, the first high-tech ceramics have been developed, and its excellent performance refractories industry attention quickly, France Sovie company first its made of Sialon bonded corundum (b-Sialon-Al2O3) refractories for blast furnaces, to obtain good results, is considered the life of blast furnace refractory material of choice for more than 15-20 years. China has carried out several units for this study has now reached the level of industrial production. Our focus is to simplify processes, reduce costs and improve quality. Study found that in b-Sialon-Al2O3 system by adding SiC can significantly improve their resistance to slag, iron corrosion and mechanical properties; in b-Sialon-SiC system by adding alkali erosion Al2O3 can greatly improve performance, which developed b-Sialon - Al2O3-SiC ternary composites.2. Magnesium composites Aron progress. The English expression magnesium Aron MgAlON, magnesium (M g) of aluminum (Al) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N) compounds short. Al and AlON (Aron) are excellent high-tech ceramic materials, but the former is easy to absorb water, which is heat stable, and therefore added as a stabilizer Mg become MgAlON material. MgAlON than the b-Sialon-Al2O3 better resistance to slag, iron erosion and mechanical properties, thus causing the refractories industry attention. Some new refractories, MgAlON-corundum and MgAlON-spinel composite materials have been developed, they have good chemical and mechanical properties, is an excellent class of refractories used in reducing atmosphere. When a solution of its antioxidant ability, will become clean steel smelting of fine materials.Composite material properties of the first two system b-Sialon-MgAlON composite materials have been developed. Needless to say, this is a class worthy of further development of the material, now extends Fe, Mn and other types of materials, have gained good results.Such material has a very excellent resistance to slag, iron corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, but also exhibit antioxidant properties of self-healing, showing as a senior refractories are essential factors. Such tiles have been dozens of blast furnaces in the domestic use of ceramic cups are more than 12 years as a life of material design.3 amorphous composites(A) corundum - silicon nitride ceramic cup unfired brick furnace. Because high-quality, low-cost silicon nitride can be a lot of supply, so it is a direct application of refractories possible. Our company has developed and the Central Plains refractory corundum - silicon nitride ceramic cup unfired brick blast furnace has a very superior physical and chemical properties, the production process is simple, and no pollution generated when the brick has been applied in a blast furnace, and get a good results.(2) Magnesium oxide - nitride - Fe metal ladle slag line carbon materials. In the clean steel production, magnesium carbon materials have been used as a ladle lining is no longer used, and generally slag oxide material and difficult to withstand erosion, we made magnesia - nitride - metallic silicon material with good The slag resistance. Since silicon nitride has a strong resistance to slag erosion and oxidation does not leave space, do not reduce the material density and strength, its life and magnesium carbon material can already be comparable, is a very promising ladle using carbon slag line material.(3) Corundum - silicon nitride - Metal gas components. Supply components made of refractory oxides, usually because of hot metal or slag blowing holes penetrate and damage. Silicon nitride with molten iron and slag interfacial tension is large, has a strong ability to resist penetration of slag and iron. After further adding a metal material, not only to promote sintering material, and the oxidation of the silicon nitride protective effect. Its performance has exceeded corundum mullite materials, even more than the chromium corundum material.(4) Other. When using non-oxide high-temperature furnace refractory oxide composite, the non-oxide composite gunning inevitably develop. Accordingly, in order to blast furnace iron trough castable material represented by the same or gravity casting material to the development of non-oxide composite material containing silicon nitride, sialon or magnesium Aron are doing the test, and have achieved good results. Also containing silicon nitride, silicon carbide and iron blast furnace is also actively promoting in stemming.

Benefits and use of corundum

Corundum benefits: a high temperature, corrosion resistance, high strength and other properties, it poured with steel sliding gate, smelting rare metals, special alloys, ceramics, blast furnace lining (walls and tubes); chemical containers, spark plugs, anti- Thermal oxidation coating.
1, corundum is called dental industry: mainly used in the refractory, grinding wheels, sand blasting.
Sandblasting corundum - blasting abrasive hardness, high packing density, no free silica, heavy, good toughness, Okay corundum is the ideal "green" blasting material, widely used in aluminum, copper profiles of glass, washed jeans precision molds and other fields;
2, free grinding - grinding grade abrasives used in kinescope, optical glass, silicon, lenses, clocks, glass, crystal glass, jade and other areas of freedom ground, is commonly used advanced abrasive material;
3, resin abrasive - Abrasive have the right color, hardness, toughness, suitable particle section types and edge retention, resin abrasive used, the results are satisfactory;
4, Coated Abrasives - Abrasive sandpaper, gauze and other manufacturers of raw materials;
5, corundum functional filler - mainly used for automobile brake parts, specialty tires, specialty building products in areas such as construction of motorways, runways, terminals, parking lots, industrial flooring, sports and other wear-resistant materials ;
6, the filter media - is a new type of abrasive applications, the use of particulate abrasive medium as the bottom of the filter bed, to purify drinking water or waste water, is home to a new water filtration material, especially for non-ferrous metal processing, oil drilling mud weighting agent :
7, abrasive water-jet cutting - is abrasive cutting media, relying on high-pressure water jet cutting basic, used in oil (gas) pipelines, steel and other components of the cutting, is a new, environmentally friendly, safe cutting.
Customers: washing plant denim sandblasting workshop shipyard shipyard steel plant powder factory Shalun sandpaper, emery cloth factory floor crystal glass industry building industry, steel industry, metal industry, electronics industry, Qi car manufacturing docks, parking Hospital Stadium. Spray sands industry and other cooperation to meet various user needs in aggregate and abrasive floor.

What is corundum

White fused alumina powder as raw materials in industry, at more than 2000 degrees by arc melting temperature after cooling is made by crushing plastic, magnetic separation to iron, sieving into a variety of particle size, its texture is dense, high hardness, grain formation of sharp corners form for use in manufacture of ceramics, resin bonded abrasives and grinding, polishing, sandblasting, precision casting (casting special corundum), etc., can be used to manufacture high-grade refractories, code-named "WA" on internationally accepted standards, national standards , the majority for export, there is a certain amount of supply domestic users.
Particle size in accordance with international standards and national standards of production, processing granularity according to user requirements. General size number of F4 ~ F320, depending on its chemical composition and different particle sizes. Prominent feature is the small crystal size, impact resistance, if the self-processing mill crushed particles are mostly spherical particles, dry surface cleaning, easy binding agent combination.
Corundum density:
Density is divided into two, one corundum bulk density, the second is the true density corundum.

Green silicon carbide wheel installation Precautions

Must first install the wheel safety and quality testing, method, Nepalese cashmere hammer (you can use a pen) tapping the side wheel, then no problem crisp sound. Positioning grinders installed in any location, is our first installation process Issues to consider only selected reasonable and appropriate location, we can carry out other tasks.
Grinder prohibit installed facing the operator or near the equipment and the past was often the place, generally the larger wheel workshop should set up a dedicated room. If indeed due to topographical constraints plant can not set up a dedicated wheel room, front wheel drive should be installed no less than 1.8m high protective baffle and baffle requires strong effective. Wheel balance wheel imbalance mainly by manufacturing and installation inaccuracies, the wheel rotation axis does not coincide with the center of gravity caused.
The harm caused by imbalance mainly manifested in two aspects, one in the wheel rotates at high speed, causing vibration, could easily lead to the workpiece surface polygonal oscillation marks; hand, accelerated the spindle unbalance vibration and bearing wear, serious will cause rupture of the wheel, and even cause accidents. Therefore, requiring great than or equal to 200mm straight sand loaded on the card office after hours should first conduct static balancing, wheel trimmed after shaping or imbalance found in the work, it should be repeated static balance. Matching matching problem mainly refers to the installation of the chuck and grinding wheel logistic problems. According to standards, wheel diameter not less than chuck is mounted sand office diameter of 1/3, and the corresponding provisions of the wheel wear to a diameter of 10mm diameter larger than the chuck should be replaced with a new wheel. So there is a chuck and grinding wheel matching problem, otherwise it will be the case, "big horse car" caused by equipment and material waste; "small horse cart" do not meet the safety requirements, could easily lead to accidents.
Therefore, chuck and grinding wheel reasonable match, one can save the device, cut about materials; hand and meet the safe operation requirements. Furthermore, the wheel should be installed between the chuck chuck diameter greater than the diameter 2mm, 1mm ~ 2mm thick cushion. Protective shield problem is the main grinding machine guards, whose role is: When damaged wheel at work for some reason, can effectively covering the wheel debris, to ensure the safety of personnel.
Grinding shield round and square shape, not exceed the maximum opening angle of 90 °; protective cover is made of a steel tensile strength of not less than 415N/mm2. Replaced with new wheel when the protective cover installed to solid and reliable, and shields do not disassemble or discard. Gear grinding machine quiet panel is one of the main protective accessories, protective cover above the horizontal plane of the spindle opening is larger than or equal to 30 (must be set for this device. Its main function is to block the grinding process to fly quiet, to avoid harming operator which is mounted on the open end of the shield, the width should be greater than the width of grinding wheel guard, and should be firmly fixed to the protective housing.
Furthermore, it requires the grinding wheel circumferential surface of the baffle gap should be less than 6mm. Bracket bracket problem is one of grinding machines commonly used accessories, according to the provisions above 150mm diameter wheel grinding machine must be set adjustable bracket. The distance between the wheel and bracket should be less than the minimum make-inch form grinding workpiece 1/2, but the maximum should not exceed 3mm. Grounding problem grinder using a power line, so the enclosure must have a good grounding protection devices. This is easily one of the important factors causing the accident.

Stone processing abrasive composition and classification

Is abrasive abrasive, binders, fillers, porosity, and attachments and other components.
The basic requirements of the abrasive:
1, the hardness is higher than the hardness of the material to be processed;
2, has a certain toughness and strength, and with sharp skills.
3, should have a certain degree of mechanical strength.
4, maintaining the inherent high strength and hardness (hardness or thermal stability or red).
Abrasive Category:
Abrasive for natural and artificial sources can be divided into two categories, according to the nature of abrasives and super abrasives can be divided into two general categories.
Common natural abrasives:
A natural diamond: diamond abrasive with high efficiency, long life, low cost, good quality grinding series of advantages.
2, quartz sand: also known as silica sand, 95% of the particles of quartz sand.
3, garnet sand: to loose abrasives for cutting soft marble blocks.
4, natural corundum: mainly composed of A1203. Mohs hardness of 9, second only to diamond.
Commonly used artificial abrasives:
1, corundum: Suitable for grinding the tensile strength of the material, the price is cheaper.
2, corundum: grinding capacity slightly higher than corundum (0.12 for the diamond). Moderately fine grinding.
3, chromium corundum: purple or pink, slightly higher than corundum grinding capacity (as diamond 0.13), especially for the profile grinding. Widely used alloy gears, cutting tools, thread management tools and instruments of precision grinding parts.
4, SiC: commonly known as carborundum, its ability to wear diamond 0.25-0.28, brittle and sharp, is very versatile and an abrasive.
5, synthetic diamond: wear ability and natural diamond almost there in the stone industry will gradually replace traditional.

Alumina refractory concrete application of special

Specialty alumina refractory varieties: Advanced ceramic refractory products fiber products as well as lightweight insulation products unshaped products, with its main application areas are:
(1) ultra-high temperature kiln lining structural materials.
(2) high purity metal alloys with rare metals smelting crucible purification.
(3) high-temperature tube furnace thermocouple tube heat insulation.
(4) high-temperature kiln sticks and briquetting pressure washers, etc.
(5) Petroleum and Chemical Industrial temperature corrosion-resistant abrasive material.
(6) do transparent alumina ceramic high-temperature high-pressure sodium viewing glass tube microwave hood.
(7) in the electronics industry to make the circuit substrate voltage ceramic shell and tube seat tube radome spark plugs and so on.
(8) grinding tools and abrasives such as grinding wheel cutting disc Dies La Sita round nozzles textile porcelain pieces and a variety of high-temperature resistant bearing props.
(9) Chemical Industrial Piston Pump Parts sealing ring.
(10) ferrous metallurgy industry molten metal pipe.
(11) in various industrial sectors such as high-temperature energy-efficient materials like alumina hollow ball alumina whiskers, alumina fiber and products.

The role of silicon carbide

Silicon carbide industrial system is high-quality quartz sand and petroleum coke in a resistance furnace refining. Lian obtained silicon carbide blocks, crushing, acid washing, magnetic separation and screening or water election into various size products.
SiC as chemical stability, high thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, good wear resistance, except for the abrasive used, there are many other uses.
For example: a special process of the silicon carbide powder coating on the turbine impeller or the inner wall of the cylinder, to improve the wear resistance and extended life of 1 to 2 times.
Made for advanced refractory, thermal shock resistance, small size, light in weight, high strength, good energy saving effect.
Low-grade silicon carbide (SiC-containing about 85%) is an excellent oxygen scavenger, it can accelerate the speed steel, and facilitate control of chemical composition and improve the quality of steel. In addition, silicon carbide heating element is also used extensively for production of silicon carbide.

The SiC lattice defects can be turned into qubit

According to the American physicist organizational networks, November 3 (Beijing time) reported recently, the University of California, Santa Barbara physicists found that silicon carbide contains lattice defects can be manipulated at the level of quantum mechanics as a The room temperature quantum bits, This finding makes silicon carbide is expected to become the core of the next generation of information technology, widely used in the electronics industry, to explore the field of quantum physics of ultra-fast computing, nano-sensing. Related papers published in "Nature" magazine published this week.
In the conventional semiconductor electronic device, the lattice defect is a defect, the electronics will be "Collapse" fixed on a special lattice bit. But the research team found that electrons in silicon carbide, lattice defects "fall" in some way to initialize the quantum states of light and microwave radiation through a combination of its precise handling and measurement . That means that, each lattice defect are found. A much OF QUANTUM bits news or the requirements of to, by As a A quantum Soil Mechanics Simulation of, the transistor come use.
"We look forward to these imperfect flaws become perfect and practical, rather than allowing the crystal to become perfect and orderly, these defects as the basis for future quantum technologies." Authors, the school spintronics and quantum computing center supervisors, Professor of Physics David Oscar Lom said, most of the material lattice defects did such a property, and the atomic structure of the material and electrical characteristics of the semiconductor is closely related. At present the only known system with the same characteristics is the center of nitrogen in the diamond crystal lattice vacancies (nitrogen-vacancy center), substituted by a nitrogen atom, a carbon atom and the surrounding crystal lattice vacancies cause, can also be used at room temperature as a qubit, the quantum state of the other substances requires close to absolute zero. But the the the nitrogen lattice vacancies Center diamonds are difficult to grow, has caused great difficulties to the fabrication of integrated circuits.
By contrast, the commercial use of high quality silicon carbide crystal diameter can reach a few inches, and can easily be used in a variety of electronic devices, optoelectronic devices, and electrical machinery apparatus. Researchers pointed out that the, the silicon carbide lattice defects applies to As at the infrared light, the the of light used in by the its energy and the current the whole of modern telecommunications network is very close to. The future the the integration of quantum equipment has a Precision electronic and optical lines, these unique the nature of the let the silicon carbide to become the the the most attractive candidate materials for.
"Our dream is to be free to design a quantum mechanical equipment like a city engineer in accordance with the load capacity, span bridge designs, I hope one day quantum engineer in accordance with quantum entanglement, and environment interactions, etc. Specifications are to design quantum electrical equipment the papers lead author, Oscar Roma Lab graduate student William Kyle said.

The corundum Production and frit structure

Production:
White fused alumina smelting the frit law and dumping and French.
White corundum and corundum smelting different points: the production of white fused alumina, construction of lining materials are generally white corundum sand or aluminum oxide powder. Received a package sub-pin linerless definitely connected with package and there are lining then package the. The linerless access package to be forced water cooling, backed commonly used graphite or white fused alumina refractory products for the bag lining.
The frit production of white fused alumina, the lining requires good insulation properties, and good air permeability, furnace of a lining and lining two. There lining generally require the use of sintered products, linerless thermal loss usually accounts for more than 24% of the energy consumption of the products lining heat loss accounted for only about 4%.
Structure:
Superstructure: The superstructure is a solid, porous lamellae, the lower part is often the folder fine crystals of how cylindrical holes.
Stoves: a solid structure, porosity, the central part more developed, large tracts of glassy, porous, and the different shapes of the crystals, white in color, mostly gray and dark gray. In the lower part: coarse crystalline, compact structure, color white, crystalline gloss best.
Edge: crystal, but more loose, mostly columnar or granular crystal block, and has a hole, the Ministry of sidelined with a microcrystalline corundum.

Analysis of impurities in silicon carbide crystal

Impurities in the silicon carbide crystal are: iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and silicon oxides and carbides, and their eutectic.
These impurities in the smelting furnace thermal power conditions, the temperature in the 2100 - 2200 ℃ is evaporated when discharged, move into the cooler areas of the furnace, only a small part of the carbide SiC crystals incorporated into the crystalline state lattice, forming a sheet-like fine crystal. The entire silicon carbide crystal brittle, poor toughness, low strength (which is in the processing of silicon carbide products, crushing, by sieve classification, the fine particles of silicon carbide SiC content of less than the content of coarse phenomenon proof).
The decomposition temperature of silicon carbide is greater than 2400 ℃, in the decomposition, while the silicon carbide containing various impurities in the crystal lattice due to a temperature rise at the same time, thermal power can be discharged, moved to the lower temperature zone. The silicon carbide crystal product purification. Longer refining time, impurities in the silicon carbide crystal with many crystals → decomposition → recrystallization, purification repeated several times, and then purification, crystal growth of silicon carbide, and then grow to grow large enough to form a dense of the crystal, the crystal reduces porosity.
Decomposition of silicon smelting, is essentially the product purification process. The more times the decomposition process, the product sufficient degree of purification, the more thorough the degree of purification, the more pure final product, the product less impurity content, the higher the toughness and strength, the more stable chemical properties.

A few easy and studious garnet identification methods

1.garnet color super-brilliant super-transparent, if the price is cheap, the majority have a problem, because they are cheap suffer a great deal.
2.See batt impurities, garnet inside easily with black spots, ice crack.
3.Garnet heavier than the average crystal, hold in your hands weigh lighter than powder, it is necessary to doubt.
4.Garnet delicate, feel very slippery surface, feels quite comfortable and oil feeling to not powder "glass" feeling.
How to identify garnet is good or bad:
Garnet color from several aspects as:
1.the lighter the color the better. Garnet crystal born color than other heavy and hard to come by, so light color. Kind of a read talk like black fineness worst.
2.as transparent as possible. Any crystals are like this, so we must not be the language of the unscrupulous businessmen deceived.
3.Binglie as little as possible. Any crystal.
4.based on the garnet Price from low to high is divided into three color: purple, rosy red, burgundy.

Common types of abrasive

Need to use the mold with abrasive, abrasive and share with everyone today, the main species, which mainly include mainly corundum, white corundum, silicon carbide and green silicon carbide.
Corundum high toughness, suitable for grinding carbon steel, alloy steel, malleable iron and hard bronze high tensile strength of the material. Corundum has a higher hardness than corundum, cutting performance is better, for hardened steel, high carbon steel, high speed tool materials such as grinding processes.
Black silicon carbide, high hardness, brittle and sharp, suitable for grinding, cutting, low tensile strength of the material, such as: cast iron, glass, ceramics, stone, refractory material and so on.
Darker green silicon carbide high purity silicon silicide. Suitable for grinding carbide, optical glass, precious stones, agate and other hard and brittle materials.
Granularity:
The choice of abrasive particle size depends on the surface of the workpiece machining accuracy and productivity requirements. Coarse-grained and medium-grained abrasive for roughing and semi-finishing, and fine-grained abrasive, it applies to finishing and super finishing. Physical and mechanical properties are grinding department also factors that determine particle size, low hardness, ductility and toughness of the material is appropriate to coarse-grained abrasive machining, high hardness brittle materials appropriate to fine-grained abrasive.
Organization:
Organization refers to the abrasive grinding composition of the abrasive, bond and porosity volume ratio between the three. Less abrasive, large porosity called loose tissue, otherwise tightly organized.
Tightly organized abrasive, should be used for grinding, profile grinding and processing remain small while the surface finish of the workpiece.
Medium organizations are widely used in the general allowance abrasive grinding work piece.
Loose abrasive for flat organization, such as the inner circle of a large contact surface of the grinding and grinding expansion sensitive soft material of the workpiece and the workpiece.
Hardness:
Abrasive abrasive surface is fixed to the strength of the binding agent. Or under external force, the degree of difficulty shedding, known abrasive hardness.

Benefits and use of corundum

Brown fused alumina benefits: a high temperature, corrosion resistance, high strength and other properties, it poured with steel sliding gate, smelting rare metals, special alloys, ceramics, blast furnace lining (walls and tubes); chemical containers, spark plugs, anti- Thermal oxidation coating.
1, corundum is called dental industry: mainly used in the refractory, grinding wheels, sand blasting.
Sandblasting corundum - blasting abrasive hardness, high packing density, no free silica, heavy, good toughness, Okay corundum is the ideal "green" blasting material, widely used in aluminum, copper profiles of glass, washed jeans precision molds and other fields;
2, free grinding - grinding grade abrasives used in kinescope, optical glass, silicon, lenses, clocks, glass, crystal glass, jade and other areas of freedom ground, is commonly used advanced abrasive material;
3, resin abrasive - sandblasting abrasive have the right color, hardness, toughness, suitable particle section types and edge retention, resin abrasive used, the results are satisfactory;
4, Coated Abrasives - Abrasive sandpaper, gauze and other manufacturers of raw materials;
5, corundum functional filler - mainly used for automobile brake parts, specialty tires, specialty building products in areas such as construction of motorways, runways, terminals, parking lots, industrial flooring, sports and other wear-resistant materials ;
6, the filter media - is a new type of abrasive applications, the use of particulate abrasive medium as the bottom of the filter bed, to purify drinking water or waste water, is home to a new water filtration material, especially for non-ferrous metal processing, oil drilling mud weighting agent :
7, abrasive water-jet cutting - is abrasive cutting media, relying on high-pressure water jet cutting basic, used in oil (gas) pipelines, steel and other components of the cutting, is a new, environmentally friendly, safe cutting.

Type of alumina production process outlined

Alumina is a different production methods is extracted from bauxite a white powder. Alumina is typical of large and complex industrial processes of the world more than 90% of alumina is used in direct economic Bayer production process, and our aluminum business due to mineral is different, they each use different production processes.
Sintering method: suitable for high ore grade silicon, insoluble, a middle-grade resources diaspore, long process, complex process. Most of the old aluminum companies to use more of this approach alumina smelting. Shandong Aluminum Plant, Zhongzhou Aluminum stage Ⅰ, Shanxi Aluminum Plant Phase Ⅰ
Alumina sintering production process including clinker, clinker dissolution, semen preparation, decomposition and evaporation and other major production processes.
From raw material grinding raw slurry through the rotary kiln firing into easily dissolved sodium aluminate clinker, and then the carbon of liquor and one lotion after soaking the dissolution; thereafter through the separation of red mud washing off the crude liquid silicon, silicon slag separation processes generated semen was sent to carbon points and kinds of processes for the decomposition reaction, precipitated aluminum hydroxide; kinds of species formed by evaporation of the mother liquor distilled liquor after mixing lye Bayer sent to the original pulp ingredients; carbon distilled liquor then return to the raw mill ingredients. The precipitated aluminum hydroxide is calcined to send firing step.
Compared with Bayer, sintering clinker and carbon mainly in the control section of decomposition of the two processes are completely different
Bayer: Bayer is Karl Joseph Bayer invented in 1887, he discovered that adding a fine kind of sodium aluminate solution can be decomposed AL (OH) 3, after evaporation of the mother liquor can be decomposed at high temperature and pressure leaching bauxite The AL (OH) 3. This finding was later confirmed in experiments and applied to industrial practice, is the most widely used foreign alumina production process. Suitable for producing soluble gibbsite and boehmite a deal with medium grade bauxite alkali consumption is high, consumption of large mine is a conventional Bayer process alumina production shortcomings. Guizhou Aluminum stage Ⅰ, Pingguo Aluminum
Bayer alumina production process includes pre-desilication, the dissolution process, red mud washing, filtration process, kind of decomposition process and aluminum hydroxide filtration, roasting and other major production processes.
Bayer processing: can be A / S of 4 or more of bauxite by flotation into A / S of 11.2 slurry, single-tube can improve the dissolution rate of dissolution systems, process piping and the tank is not easy to stutter. Zhongzhou Aluminum Phase Ⅱ
Tandem method: Processing bauxite low crystalline bits Suitable methods. Bayer first with relatively simple treatment of ore to maximize the extraction of ore alumina sintering method and then use Bayer red mud recycling Al2O3 and Na2O, can reduce the overall energy consumption of the production of alumina, Al2O3 total high recovery, alkali consumption reduced product costs can be significantly reduced. Without increasing construction investment and equipment in existing plant hybrid method application. Guizhou Aluminum Plant, Luneng Jinbei (Planning)
Parallel method: by Bayer France, composed of parallel alumina sintering production process. Zhongzhou Aluminum, aluminum mooring former Soviet Dnepr
Hybrid method: by Bayer France, sintering, whose production process is characterized by: complex process, strong continuity, parameter detection difficulties associated with strong production management is difficult, in the chemical and metallurgical industry has a strong representation for process automation demanding. Is a complex metallurgical and chemical processes, with wet and dry metallurgical common characteristics, particularly suitable for processing in a country dominated diaspore bauxite, it has a high crystallinity, insoluble ore characteristics, required at high temperature (250 ℃ above), pressure (5.5MPa), high concentration of alkali (NaOH 20% or more) under the conditions of dissolution; need for lower grade ore sintering a more complex process; Ore high silicon, in the production process and the surface of the device easy to scale, but also seriously affect the collection of monitoring data. Shanxi Aluminum Plant Phase Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Guizhou Aluminum Plant, Zhengzhou Aluminum
A domestic manufacturer of hybrid alumina alumina production line process flow diagram, covering domestic and international law and the typical Bayer typical sintered alumina production process. Chart has three material exchanges: the Bayer process red mud and accompanying fluid delivery sintering system ingredients; Bayer seeds liquor evaporation precipitated crystal base and attach the liquid delivery sintering system prepared raw slurry; sintering kinds of liquor by evaporation Bayer evacuation systems do fill base used. Bayer and sintering two systems are interrelated, mutual restraint, mutual influence between processes, production organization difficult.
Lime Bayer: Bayer process compared with conventional, in addition to appropriate to increase the separation of lime burning and red mud washing process production capacity outside the other identical. By adding an excess of lime dissolution process, in addition to meeting with TiO2 addition amount of lime required for the reaction, the need to partially meet with bauxite as much as possible in the SiO2 CaO reacts with hydrated alumina calcium, so that the dissolution process in part by the removal of silicon product type sodalite becomes hydrated aluminum silicate hydrate hydrated alumina garnet-type calcium, thus greatly reducing the red mud of the N / S. Compared with the hybrid method processes, eliminating heat consumption of clinker sintering process and its corresponding wet production systems, less investment, low energy consumption, but consumption is relatively large bauxite and limestone.

Alumina refractory concrete application of special

Specialty alumina refractory varieties: Advanced ceramic refractory products fiber products as well as lightweight insulation products unshaped products, with its main application areas are:
(1) ultra-high temperature kiln lining structural materials.
(2) high purity metal alloys with rare metals smelting crucible purification.
(3) high-temperature tube furnace thermocouple tube heat insulation.
(4) high-temperature kiln sticks and briquetting pressure washers, etc.
(5) Petroleum and Chemical Industrial temperature corrosion-resistant lining material.
(6) do transparent alumina ceramic high-temperature high-pressure sodium viewing glass tube microwave hood.
(7) in the electronics industry to make the circuit substrate voltage ceramic shell and tube seat tube radome spark plugs and so on.
(8) grinding tools and abrasives such as grinding wheel cutting disc Dies La Sita round nozzles textile porcelain pieces and a variety of high-temperature resistant bearing props.
(9) Chemical Industrial Piston Pump Parts sealing ring.
(10) ferrous metallurgy industry molten metal pipe.
(11) in various industrial sectors such as high-temperature energy-efficient materials like alumina hollow ball alumina whiskers, alumina fiber and products.

Alumina refractory applications circulation boiling roaster

Circulation boiling roaster alumina refractories entire device totaled 762t, mainly castable, firebrick, calcium silicate boards, ceramic fiber and refractory clay five categories, as well as fixed refractory anchors.
1, the working layer of refractory
Refractory castable total 351t, for a Venturi cooling cyclone, fluidized bed cooler, all pipes, flues and boiling roaster and lower part of the cyclone cone, mostly for double or triple.
Firebrick shared 269t, mainly used in boiling roaster, recycling cyclone, two cyclones, two venturi dryer and flue.
According boiling roaster process characteristics and different process parameters and working conditions, working layer refractories different types and layers. Depending on temperature, material properties, process piping for light and heavy casting configuration, the main equipment lined with refractory insulation + insulation + working layer configuration, refractories better energy conservation.
2, refractory insulation
There are lightweight castable refractory insulation, lightweight insulation tiles, calcium silicate boards and refractory fibers.
Castable
Mainly used in the fluidized bed cooler, the cooling cyclone, a venturi dryer, and two other major venturi dryer unit's top and all the inside pipes and flues.
Insulation bricks
Insulation bricks shared 41.76t, mainly used in the fluidized bed cooler, a venturi dryer and two cyclones.
Calcium silicate board
Calcium silicate board shared 97.5m3, 50mm thick and 30mm thick with two specifications, mainly used in boiling roaster, recycling cyclone, cyclone and a cooling venturi dryer and so on.
Refractory fiber
Refractory fiber Shared 2.5t, divided refractory fiber classes, refractory fiber felt classes and refractory fiber blankets, mainly used in expansion joints, expansion joints, brackets and into the hole as well as a variety of processes around the hole.
Anchors
Anchor member is lined with the main component, its role is the liner firmly bonded with the furnace wall.
Distribution and furnace anchors, refractory nature, lining thickness, the use of location and shape of the chosen anchor and materials related, there are 15 types, 40 kinds of specifications, weight about 3000kg anchoring system on the lining of the stress distribution thermal stress and thermal expansion and contraction of the balance, extended lining life, play a vital role.

The garnet purchase skills

Garnet is a complex composed of silicate minerals from a variety of metal elements, so in addition to the extremely rare blue, red, green, orange, purple and black garnet are produced. Because different connotation mineral elements, garnet will show different color characteristics. Pomegranate and Green Bi garnet most commonly raised, and the Green Bi pomegranate is the higher price varieties. Originally garnet belong to the middle and low gems, but the high quality Green Bi garnet Origin, low production reasons, has a high value, among the high-grade gems out, comparable to the highest bidder with emeralds.
Buy garnet, should be absorbed in body mass, high refractive index, strong luster, pure color as an important selection criteria. As January birthday stone, garnet symbolizes the faithful, love and chastity. Especially for women, garnet good beauty effect. It is said that the body tired, weak and trauma can play a very good therapeutic effect. Therefore, we can often see women like to wear garnet rings, bracelets and pendants. In fact, if to a jewelry store you will find a garnet bracelets, but also tens of dollars, then why some branded jewelery will be high it? Reason is very simple, is that jewelry design, production and other elements, sometimes to buy jewelry to consider many elements to measure price.

Fume Definition

Silica fume (also called silica powder), also known as silica fume silica fume. Industrial furnace at high temperature silicon and ferrosilicon smelting process, with the exhaust fumes escaping capture by special treatment from the collection device. In the escape of smoke in, SiO2 content of about 90% of total dust, particle size is very small, the average particle size is almost the nanometer level, it is known as silica fume.
Silica fume research began Scandinavian countries, although in the 1950s that people have a better understanding on the role of silica fume and preliminary research, but is used in the actual project since the 1970s, first in Norway and Sweden and other countries in the port terminals, North Sea oil and underground mines is partly based on silica fume concrete, in 1982, Norway in volts Nuoweisi dam formally adopted a fume concrete dam, the early 1980s, established in Quebec, Canada silica fume concrete, and large volume fume concrete pilot study, mixing high-grade concrete 10,000 m3, 1983 the United States with silica fume concrete repair on the river Orinoco Funi card check dam stilling basin to good effect. Rest of the world are also stepping up research and application.
The history of research on silica fume is not long, just 10 years time, 1985 East Institute survey MEW MEW tenth scientific institutes and Engineering Bureau for the first time in Sichuan Yuzixi two power plants in the trial of silica fume concrete in the plant silica fume concrete in 3% to 7% in order to improve the early strength, speed template turnover, to achieve the desired effect, in addition, the diversion tunnel shotcrete, silica fume 715% in order to reduce the amount of concrete rebound, NHRI In dahuofang water engineering, Gezhouba longyangxia sluice sluice gate repair buildings and other projects have adopted the silica fume concrete is better.
IWHR on silica fume concrete durability and silica fume cement grout algae carried out some research and Ertan foundation consolidation grouting, the Pan dam spillway restoration project, Ankang and Sichuan autumn of plant guide stemming the flow hongtong repair and other projects using a silica fume concrete, silica fume cement grout. All of these, described as a high-performance concrete silica fume concrete in engineering increasingly important, so its properties, especially its strength and durability studies have attracted much attention.

The story about the quartz

Quartz is a physical and chemical properties of mineral resources are very stable, crystal belongs to trigonal system of oxide minerals, ie, low temperature quartz (a-quartz), quartz the most widely distributed group minerals in a mineral species. Generalized include a high-temperature quartz quartz (b-quartz). Quartz block, also known as silica, is the production of quartz sand (also known as silica sand) of raw materials, but also quartz refractories and firing ferrosilicon raw materials.
Quartz chemical formula SiO2, the main component of natural quartz stone quartz, which often contain a small amount of impurities such as Al2O3, IMO,, CaO, MgO, etc. There are various types. Ceramics are used in raw materials quartz, quartz sand, quartzite, sandstone, silica, opal, diatomaceous earth, etc., are also rich in rice shell ash SiO2. Often has the appearance of white quartz, white, gray translucent state, Mohs hardness of 7, broken glass mask shiny gloss or fat, the proportion varies due to crystal, changes in between 2.22-2.65. With the ordinary sand, crystal is "from the same womb" of a substance. When the time is perfect crystalline silica crystal; silica gel dehydration is the agate; aqueous colloidal silica after solidification become opal; silica grains smaller than a few microns, on the formation of chalcedony, flint, secondary quartzite.
Means plasticity quartz material, with the clay in the heat generated porcelain mullite crystals gives a high mechanical strength and chemical stability, and can increase the translucency of the body, is the preparation of a good glaze raw materials.
King City, Republic of multi-use Sambo Punta produced quartz, the new China was founded mostly used planetesimals are chang, Xiushui quartz and other places, especially after 2000, the amount of surge. Glaze was 10% -30%, should be washed before use chosen to remove dirt impurities on the kiln calcination, easy smash.
Colorless and transparent quartz variant, the Greeks called "Krystallos", meaning "white ice", they were convinced that quartz is durable and rugged ice. Ancient Chinese people believe that on the mouth with cold crystal to thirst.
Quartz is the most widely distributed of the Earth's surface minerals, its use is also quite extensive. Far in the Stone Age, people use it to make stone axes, arrows and other simple tools of production, in order to hunt for food and fight against enemies. Clock, the electronic device used as the standard of the piezoelectric quartz frequency; molten glass is made, can be used for making optical instruments, glasses, glass and other products; precision instruments can be done bearing, abrasive materials, glass, ceramics, etc. industrial raw materials.
Quartz body contains tiny bubbles or liquid filling cracks, it will pass interference light generated rainbow, can be made into fine jewelry. Napoleon's wife, Empress Josephine (Empress Josephine) has a dazzling jewel collection is made of quartz rainbow jewelry.

Benefits and use of corundum

Corundum benefits: a high temperature, corrosion resistance, high strength and other properties, it poured with steel sliding gate, smelting rare metals, special alloys, ceramics, blast furnace lining (walls and tubes); chemical containers, spark plugs, anti- Thermal oxidation coating.
1, corundum is called dental industry: mainly used in the refractory, grinding wheels, sand blasting.
Sandblasting corundum - blasting abrasive hardness, high packing density, no free silica, heavy, good toughness, Okay corundum is the ideal "green" blasting material, widely used in aluminum, copper profiles of glass, washed jeans precision molds and other fields;
2, free grinding - grinding grade abrasives used in kinescope, optical glass, silicon, lenses, clocks, glass, crystal glass, jade and other areas of freedom ground, is commonly used advanced abrasive material;
3, resin abrasive - Abrasive have the right color, hardness, toughness, suitable particle section types and edge retention, resin abrasive used, the results are satisfactory;
4, Coated Abrasives - Abrasive sandpaper, gauze and other manufacturers of raw materials;
5, corundum functional filler - mainly used for automobile brake parts, specialty tires, specialty building products in areas such as construction of motorways, runways, terminals, parking lots, industrial flooring, sports and other wear-resistant materials ;
6, the filter media - is a new type of abrasive applications, the use of particulate abrasive medium as the bottom of the filter bed, to purify drinking water or waste water, is home to a new water filtration material, especially for non-ferrous metal processing, oil drilling mud weighting agent :
7, abrasive water-jet cutting - is abrasive cutting media, relying on high-pressure water jet cutting basic, used in oil (gas) pipelines, steel and other components of the cutting, is a new, environmentally friendly, safe cutting.

Fume Definition

Silica fume, also known as silica fume. Industrial furnace at high temperature silicon and ferrosilicon smelting process, with the exhaust fumes escaping capture by special treatment from the collection device. In the escape of smoke in, SiO2 content of about 90% of total dust, particle size is very small, the average particle size is almost the nanometer level, it is known as silica fume.
Silica fume research began Scandinavian countries, although in the 1950s that people have a better understanding on the role of silica fume and preliminary research, but is used in the actual project since the 1970s, first in Norway and Sweden and other countries in the port terminals, North Sea oil and underground mines is partly based on silica fume concrete, in 1982, Norway in volts Nuoweisi dam formally adopted a fume concrete dam, the early 1980s, established in Quebec, Canada silica fume concrete, and large volume fume concrete pilot study, mixing high-grade concrete 10,000 m3, 1983 the United States with silica fume concrete repair on the river Orinoco Funi card check dam stilling basin to good effect. Rest of the world are also stepping up research and application.
The history of research on silicon carbide powder is not long, just 10 years time, 1985 East Institute survey MEW MEW tenth scientific institutes and Engineering Bureau for the first time in Sichuan Yuzixi two power plants in the trial of silica fume concrete in the plant silica fume concrete in 3% to 7% in order to improve the early strength, speed template turnover, to achieve the desired effect, in addition, the diversion tunnel shotcrete, silica fume 715% in order to reduce the amount of concrete rebound, NHRI In dahuofang water engineering, Gezhouba longyangxia sluice sluice gate repair buildings and other projects have adopted the silica fume concrete is better.
IWHR on silica fume concrete durability and silica fume cement grout algae carried out some research and Ertan foundation consolidation grouting, the Pan dam spillway restoration project, Ankang and Sichuan autumn of plant guide stemming the flow hongtong repair and other projects using a silica fume concrete, silica fume cement grout. All of these, described as a high-performance concrete silica fume concrete in engineering increasingly important, so its properties, especially its strength and durability studies have attracted much attention.

Corundum and widespread use of the chemical composition

The origin of most of the bauxite and corundum origin are closely related. Rich country of Henan bauxite, bauxite production giant, it has also become the largest producer of corundum area. Corundum has a hardness, toughness, resistance to crushing ability, high temperature, anti-oxidation, anti-corrosion, low cost, for other characteristics.
Corundum widely used in abrasives, refractories, sandblasting, grinding and polishing, carborundum wearable Floor, precision casting shell mold making, with high purity, good crystalline liquidity strong, low coefficient of linear expansion, corrosion-resistant characteristics .
Brown fused aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is not less than 92.5% corundum widely often used in wear industry, which there are many types, the most common is washed corundum.
Corundum is often used in an ink jet washing of production, this is because, under extreme pressure, it can use its sharp corners hit the surface which is the other advantages not corundum. Then washed for inkjet corundum dust generated when handling relatively small, to a certain extent, to ensure the operator's health. As slag relatively brittle, the jet mill process, the formation of small particles easily crashing, relatively small proportion of the slag, slag resulting small particles suspended in the air, causing environmental pollution, too, is a very delicate quartz sand abrasive, but definitely not comparable and corundum.